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Substack is an online platform for subscription newsletters.

Ghost is an open source publishing platform built on Node.js, originally developed by John O'Nolan.

JavaScript is a lightweight, object-oriented, cross-platform scripting language. This includes TypeScript.

JavaScript is a lightweight, object-oriented, cross-platform scripting language, often used within web pages.

Express is a web framework for Node.js.

Cloudflare Server is a web server developed by Cloudflare.

Node.js is a server-side JavaScript environment for writing network programs such as web servers, originally developed by Ryan Dahl.

Nginx (pronounced as "engine X") is a lightweight open source web server developed by Igor Sysoev.

Substack is an online platform for subscription newsletters.

DigitalOcean is a US-based web hosting provider.

Amazon is a US-based e-commerce and cloud computing provider.

DigitalOcean is a US-based web hosting provider.

Cloudflare provides a content delivery network.

Fastly is a content delivery network.

Google provides various services to run on its servers.

Apple is a multinational technology company headquartered in USA.

GlobalSign is an IT security service provider, also operating as SSL certificate authority.

Sectigo (formerly Comodo CA) is a US-based SSL certificate authority.

jsDelivr is a service for hosting JavaScript files.

Google Analytics is a free service to get detailed statistics about the visitors of a website, provided by Google. This includes the Ads conversion tracking and the Floodlight services.

The Google Advertising network consists of AdSense, DoubleClick and other services.

The Google Tag Manager is a Google service to support webmasters to manage tags on their websites.

External Cascading Style Sheets define style rules in a separate CSS file.

Embedded Cascading Style Sheets define a set of style rules in a <style> element within a web page.

Inline Cascading Style Sheets define style rules directly within an (X)HTML element using the style attribute.

Persistent cookies with an expiration time of up to 1 day.

Persistent cookies with an expiration time between 1 month and 1 year.

HttpOnly cookies are used only in the HTTP protocol and not in client side scripts, which may increase security.

Secure cookies are used only via an encrypted connections, which may increase security.

Gzip (GNU zip) is a file compression algorithm.

A weak ETag is an HTTP header field for validation of cached web pages, that indicates a semantically equivalent page in the cache.

The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) provides amongst others a vastly larger address space than the preceding version 4. We consider a website to support IPv6 if a 128-bit address is assigned to it, regardless of the content delivered at that address.

HTTP/2 is the second major version of the HTTP network protocol.

HTTP/3 is the third major version of the HTTP network protocol, derived from the QUIC protocol.

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) defines a mechanism enabling web sites to declare themselves accessible only via secure connections.

The websites redirects visitors to its www subdomain, e.g. from example.com to www.example.com.

The websites redirects visitors to use SSL encryption, e.g. from http://example.com/ to https://example.com/.

The Open Graph protocol, originally developed by Facebook, is an RDFa-based format that enables any web page to become a rich object in a social graph.

Twitter/X Cards enable automatic attachment of photos, videos and media elements to tweets.

JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON.

Generic RDFa (Resource Description Framework in attributes) is RDFa without further specialization.

HTML5 is the fifth revision of the HTML standard.

UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode, which is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based vector image format.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a lossless compression image format, suitable to store graphics with uniformly colored areas, and originally introduced as a free, open-source successor of GIF.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method suitable to store photographic images.

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