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Perl is a general-purpose, interpreted language, nowadays also used to create web pages.

JavaScript is a lightweight, object-oriented, cross-platform scripting language, often used within web pages.

RequireJS is a JavaScript file and module loader.

jQuery is a JavaScript library that simplifies HTML document traversing, event handling, animating and Ajax interaction. Originally developed by John Resig.

The Yahoo! User Interface (YUI) Library is a JavaScript library developed by Yahoo. The YUI library is no longer actively maintained.

Envoy Proxy is a proxy server designed for large service-oriented architectures.

Nginx (pronounced as "engine X") is a lightweight open source web server developed by Igor Sysoev.

Cloudflare Server is a web server developed by Cloudflare.

Unix is a range of operating systems originally developed at Bell Labs. This includes Unix and Unix-like systems, such as Linux.

Fastly is a content delivery network.

Cloudflare provides a content delivery network.

Cloudflare provides DNS servers and other web services.

Proofpoint provides email protection and other IT security services.

Sectigo (formerly Comodo CA) is a US-based SSL certificate authority.

Let’s Encrypt is a free, automated, and open certificate authority provided by the Internet Security Research Group.

jsDelivr is a service for hosting JavaScript files.

Google Hosted Libraries (formerly called Google Libraries API) is a content distribution network for the most popular, open-source JavaScript libraries, provided by Google.

Full Circle Studies collects information about general website visitation patterns as part of the ComScore market research.

Visual Website Optimizer (VWO) is a website visitor behavior analysis tool.

Adobe Analytics is a web site traffic analysis service formerly called Omniture. Its products include SiteCatalyst, WebSideStory and Hitbox.

Chartbeat is a real-time web analytics tool by Betaworks.

Google Analytics is a free service to get detailed statistics about the visitors of a website, provided by Google. This includes the Ads conversion tracking and the Floodlight services.

The Google Advertising network consists of AdSense, DoubleClick and other services.

Equativ (formerly Smart AdServer) is an advertising networks for ads served on the web, mobile and tablets.

The Google Tag Manager is a Google service to support webmasters to manage tags on their websites.

The WhatsApp share button allows users to share content with their WhatsApp contacts.

Facebook Social Plugins provide a way for Facebook users to share web pages with their friends.

A Twitter/X Button allows a Twitter user to post a tweet from the visited site.

External Cascading Style Sheets define style rules in a separate CSS file.

Embedded Cascading Style Sheets define a set of style rules in a <style> element within a web page.

Inline Cascading Style Sheets define style rules directly within an (X)HTML element using the style attribute.

Gzip (GNU zip) is a file compression algorithm.

Brotli is a lossless compression algorithm developed by Google.

A strong ETag is an HTTP header field for validation of cached web pages, that indicates a byte-for-byte identical page in the cache.

The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) provides amongst others a vastly larger address space than the preceding version 4. We consider a website to support IPv6 if a 128-bit address is assigned to it, regardless of the content delivered at that address.

HTTP/3 is the third major version of the HTTP network protocol, derived from the QUIC protocol.

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) defines a mechanism enabling web sites to declare themselves accessible only via secure connections.

The websites redirects visitors to its www subdomain, e.g. from example.com to www.example.com.

The websites redirects visitors to use SSL encryption, e.g. from http://example.com/ to https://example.com/.

HTTP/2 is the second major version of the HTTP network protocol.

The Open Graph protocol, originally developed by Facebook, is an RDFa-based format that enables any web page to become a rich object in a social graph.

Twitter/X Cards enable automatic attachment of photos, videos and media elements to tweets.

JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON.

Microdata is a specification to integrate metadata within existing content on web pages.

Generic RDFa (Resource Description Framework in attributes) is RDFa without further specialization.

The Dublin Core Schema is a set of vocabulary terms that can be used to describe web resources and physical resources.

HTML5 is the fifth revision of the HTML standard.

Transitional version of HTML.

Transitional version of XHTML.

Strict version of XHTML.

UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode, which is backwards compatible with ASCII.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a lossless compression image format, suitable to store graphics with uniformly colored areas, and originally introduced as a free, open-source successor of GIF.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method suitable to store photographic images.

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based vector image format.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a lossless compression image format, originally introduced by CompuServe and suitable to store graphics, logos and simple animations.

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